Va\u0306n ho\u0323c co\u0301 vai tro\u0300 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gia\u0301o du\u0323c tr\u1ebb m\u1ea7m non. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb th\u01a1. \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ta\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edd d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc v\u0103n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb em n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n
B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn chung v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc. K\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc. K\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non.<\/p>\n
Mu\u1ed1n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m cho sinh vi\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5: \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u1ecdc r\u00f5, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
Y\u00caU C\u1ea6U V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC R\u00c8N LUY\u1ec6N K\u0128 N\u0102NG \u0110\u1eccC, K\u1ec2 DI\u1ec4N C\u1ea2M CHO SINH VI\u00caN S\u01af PH\u1ea0M NG\u00c0NH GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C M\u1ea6M NON<\/strong><\/p>\n Va\u0306n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c bi\u1eb9\u0302t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m va\u0306n h\u1ecdc (TPVH) co\u0301 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c hi\u0300nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n nha\u0302n c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1eb9\u0302n cho tre\u0309. Bie\u0302linxki \u0111a\u0303 t\u01b0\u0300ng no\u0301i \u201cM\u1ecd\u0302t cu\u00f4\u0301n sa\u0301ch vi\u00ea\u0301t cho thi\u00ea\u0301u nhi la\u0300 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 gia\u0301o du\u0323c, ma\u0300 gia\u0301odu\u0323c la\u0300 m\u1ecd\u0302t s\u01b0\u0323 nghi\u1eb9\u0302p vi\u0303 \u0111a\u0323i, vi\u0300 no\u0301 quy\u00ea\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh s\u00f4\u0301 ph\u1ea1\u0302n con ngu\u031b\u01a1\u0300i\u201d (Le\u0302 Th\u1ecb \u00c1nh Tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 La\u0303 Th\u1ecb B\u1eafc L\u00fd, 2008, tr 2<\/em>). Ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea1\u0302n TPVH theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau: khi \u0111\u1ecdc, ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea1\u0302n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; khi nghe, ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea1\u0302n qua gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Do tre\u0309 m\u1ea7m non ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc ne\u0302n TPVH<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c em qua gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc, l\u1eddi k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non<\/a><\/strong>, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho tre\u0309 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi TPVH chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1eb9\u0302c c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 TPVH kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n chi\u0309 l\u00e0 vi\u1eb9\u0302c k\u00ea\u0309 chuy\u1eb9\u0302n, \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 cho tre\u0309 nghe theo c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m v\u1edbi con tre\u0309. \u0110\u00ea\u0309 tre\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u00ea\u0309u v\u00e0 rung ca\u0309m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a TPVH, ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n co\u0301 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c bi\u1eb9\u0302t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1eed nha\u0302n ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non<\/strong> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 thi\u1ebfu. R\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH cho sinh vie\u0302n (SV) S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tri\u0300nh la\u0302u d\u00e0i, lie\u0302n t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m pha\u0309i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 chuye\u0302n m\u00f4n v\u00e0 co\u0301 nh\u1eefng bi\u1eb9\u0302n ph\u00e1p, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u0300ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o tri\u0300nh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1ea1\u0302n chung v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH, t\u01b0\u0300 \u0111o\u0301 chi\u0309 r\u00f5 ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 SV s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tri\u0300nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p mang t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc va\u0306n no\u0301i chung v\u00e0 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc tre\u0309 em no\u0301i rie\u0302ng. Ba\u0309n ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t bi\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n t\u01b0\u0300 vi\u1ebft \u201cca\u0302m l\u1ea1\u0306ng\u201d th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng co\u0301 hi\u0300nh a\u0309nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef co\u0301 a\u0302m thanh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ti\u0300nh ca\u0309m.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c gia\u0309 Phan Tr\u1ecdng Lu\u1ea1\u0302n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh H\u00f9ng (1988) quan ni\u1eb9\u0302m \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0: \u201cBi\u00ea\u0301t ph\u00f4\u0301i h\u01a1\u0323p lao \u0111\u1ecd\u0302ng \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh, bi\u00ea\u0301t pha\u0301t huy u\u031bu th\u00ea\u0301 v\u00ea\u0300 ch\u00e2\u0301t gi\u1ecdng, bi\u00ea\u0301t kh\u0103\u0301c phu\u0323c nh\u01b0\u0303ng nhu\u031b\u01a1\u0323c \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m v\u00ea\u0300 pha\u0301t a\u0302m, \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 cao th\u00e2\u0301p va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0301c vang nga\u0302n cu\u0309a ngo\u0302n ng\u01b0\u0303 va\u0300 ng\u01b0\u0300ng nghi\u0309 trong ng\u0103\u0301t nhi\u0323p \u0111\u00ea\u0309 la\u0300m chu\u0309 gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc va\u0300 ki\u0303 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc phu\u0300 h\u01a1\u0323p v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u1ea3m xu\u0301c cu\u0309a nha\u0300 va\u0306n va\u0300 nghi\u0303a cu\u0309a va\u0306n b\u1ea3n\u2026<\/p>\n B\u1ea3n tha\u0302n ngu\u031b\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111u\u031b\u01a1\u0323c m\u00f4\u0301i quan h\u1eb9\u0302 xu\u0301c c\u1ea3m va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 hi\u00ea\u0309u bi\u00ea\u0301t cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0301i v\u1edbi ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m. \u0110o\u0301 chi\u0301nh la\u0300 \u0111\u1ecdc sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o\u201d. V\u1edbi t\u00e1c gia\u0309 H\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Giang (2007) thi\u0300: \u201c\u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m la\u0300 ca\u0301ch s\u1eed du\u0323ng gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc co\u0301 k\u00e8m theo c\u1eed chi\u0309, n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 truy\u00ea\u0300n \u0111a\u0323t nh\u01b0\u0303ng \u00fd nghi\u0303, tu\u031b tu\u031b\u1edfng, ti\u0300nh c\u1ea3m cu\u0309a ta\u0301c gi\u1ea3 g\u1eedi g\u0103\u0301m trong ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m va\u0300 c\u1ea3 \u00fd nghi\u0303, ta\u0302m tra\u0323ng, tha\u0301i \u0111\u1ecd\u0302, c\u1ea3m xu\u0301c cu\u0309a ngu\u031b\u01a1\u0300i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00ea\u0301n v\u1edbi ngu\u031b\u01a1\u0300i nghe\u201d.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1ea1\u0302y, co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 quan ni\u1eb9\u0302m \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t; l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi s\u1eafc th\u00e1i gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tri\u0300nh b\u00e0y va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ca\u0309m nh\u1ea1\u0302n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gia\u0309 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm, kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, ca\u0309m x\u00fac \u1edf h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c ca\u0309m th\u1ee5 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c ca\u0309m th\u1ee5 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1ea1\u0302y, \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1eb9\u0302n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u00e2\u0309m m\u0129, ph\u00e1t huy na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cho ca\u0309 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc trong qu\u00e1 tri\u0300nh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc va\u0306n.<\/p>\n Tuy nhie\u0302n, c\u1ea7n pha\u0302n bi\u1eb9\u0302t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u00ea\u0309: \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nguye\u0302n va\u0306n va\u0306n ba\u0309n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong s\u00e1ch; k\u00ea\u0309 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t va\u0306n ba\u0309n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft pha\u0309i \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0\u0300ng t\u01b0\u0300, t\u01b0\u0300ng ch\u1eef. Khi k\u00ea\u0309, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea\u0309 chi\u0309 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 ba\u0309n, th\u1ea1\u0302m ch\u00ed co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n ho\u0301a ca\u0302u chuy\u1eb9\u0302n, r\u00fat g\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ti\u0300nh ti\u1ebft, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u0300 ng\u1eef cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ho\u1ea1\u0306c v\u01b0\u0300a k\u00ea\u0309 v\u01b0\u0300a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gia\u0309i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 TPVH l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i hi\u0300nh ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t co\u0301 xa x\u01b0a, khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a co\u0301 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c da\u0302n gian \u201cs\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1eb9\u0302ng; tre\u0309 em l\u1edbn le\u0302n mang nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd phai m\u1edd qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ru, chuy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9; \u201cngu\u1ed3n s\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d \u1ea5y \u0111a\u0303 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u co\u0301 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m.<\/p>\n Tuy nhie\u0302n, \u0111\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ea7n co\u0301 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 na\u0306ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tie\u0302u ch\u00ed chung c\u1ee7a ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309. Na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 no\u0301i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ne\u0302n b\u1edfi 4 k\u0129 na\u0306ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea1\u0302n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 4 ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309\u201d g\u1ed3m: \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00fang; \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t; \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u00fd th\u1ee9c; \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1ea1\u0302y, \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 TPVH l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u0300nh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n (ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t) v\u00e0 bao h\u00e0m ca\u0309 4 k\u0129 na\u0306ng, 4 ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 TPVH. R\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH cho SV l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c gia\u0309ng vie\u0302n (GV) pha\u0309i th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n t\u01b0\u0300ng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u0300 vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00fang; \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t; \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc pha\u0309i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Khi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguye\u0302n t\u1eafc c\u01a1 ba\u0309n sau: Hi\u00ea\u0309u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mi\u0300nh c\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe; Co\u0301 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no\u0301i \u0111\u1ebfn trong TPVH; \u0110\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i dung, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe c\u0169ng hi\u00ea\u0309u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn;<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y mi\u0300nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cngh\u1eb9\u0302 s\u0129 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d – m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u0300nh b\u00e0y ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1ea1\u0302y, \u0111\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, GV c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nguye\u0302n t\u1eafc c\u01a1 ba\u0309n tre\u0302n \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc cho ra \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d, sau \u0111o\u0301 m\u1edbi co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 nh\u1eefng bi\u1eb9\u0302n ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng SV c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh.<\/p>\n \u1ede t\u1ea5t ca\u0309 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i va\u0306n ba\u0309n, k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m pha\u0309i \u0111a\u0309m ba\u0309o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u: \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u1eaft, nghi\u0309 \u0111\u00fang ch\u00f4\u0303; \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang ki\u00ea\u0309u ca\u0302u; \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang cao \u0111\u1ed9. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, SV S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m m\u1ed9t va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c em m\u1edbi chi\u0309 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u: \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u00e1t a\u0302m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, hi\u00ea\u0309u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i; c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111\u00fang ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; th\u1ea1\u0302m ch\u00ed, nhi\u1ec1u SV c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t a\u0302m sai ch\u00ednh ta\u0309 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1eb9\u0302t, d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef, ng\u1eaft, nghi\u0309, le\u0302n gi\u1ecdng, xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ecdng tu\u1ef3 ti\u1eb9\u0302n\u2026<\/p>\n Nhi\u0300n chung, SV S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non c\u00f2n g\u1ea1\u0306p nhi\u1ec1u kho\u0301 kha\u0306n trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo chu\u00e2\u0309n quy t\u1eafc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1eb9\u0302t. Co\u0301 nhi\u1ec1u nguye\u0302n nha\u0302n nh\u01b0ng nguye\u0302n nha\u0302n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c em ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 coi vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 na\u0306ng, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1eb9\u0302m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n m\u1ea7m non.<\/p>\n Be\u0302n c\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u0301, na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 GV c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n nhi\u1eb9\u0302m v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00ed lu\u1ea1\u0302n h\u00e0n la\u0302m, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i trong kha\u0302u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc; thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng bi\u1eb9\u0302n ph\u00e1p, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309 cho t\u01b0\u0300ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n Chu\u00e2\u0309n \u0111\u1ea7u ra\u2026 \u0110\u00ea\u0309 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tre\u0302n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309 sau:<\/p>\n GV nghie\u0302n c\u1ee9u Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non hi\u1eb9\u0302n h\u00e0nh no\u0301i chung v\u00e0 m\u00f4n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho tre\u0309 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi TPVH no\u0301i rie\u0302ng, chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb ngu\u1ed3n ng\u1eef li\u1eb9\u0302u phong ph\u00fa, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non.<\/p>\n GV ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kha\u0309o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 pha\u0302n lo\u1ea1i SV theo c\u00e1c nho\u0301m: \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m t\u1ed1t; \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u co\u0301 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m; \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang, ch\u01b0a di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m; \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ea1\u0302m, sai, ng\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n Tre\u0302n c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh t\u1ed5ng th\u00ea\u0309 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c tie\u0302u, n\u1ed9i dung, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho tre\u0309 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi TPVH, GV xa\u0302y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c tie\u0302u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u1ed9i dung v\u01b0\u0300a s\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, hi\u0300nh th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc li\u1eb9\u0302u phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n Vi\u0300 v\u1ea1\u0302y, GV c\u1ea7n tua\u0302n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n: chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb b\u00e0i chu \u0111\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SV \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00e0i gia\u0309ng khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u00e2\u0309m m\u0129 c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1eb9\u0302u phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kha\u0302u ti\u0300m hi\u00ea\u0309u b\u00e0i v\u00e0 luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p, ph\u00e1t hi\u1eb9\u0302n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u00f4\u0303i cho SV.<\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc, GV c\u1ea7n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ti\u0300nh ye\u0302u va\u0306n h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c cho SV b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch SV \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, tham gia Ca\u0302u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, sa\u0302n ch\u01a1i, ta\u0306ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1 h\u1ed9i va\u0306n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi hi\u0300nh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00ea\u0309 SV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a va\u0306n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, \u201cho\u00e1 tha\u0302n\u201d v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ca\u0309m nh\u1ea1\u0302n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ve\u0309 \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gia\u0309 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm th\u00f4ng qua hi\u0300nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n cho SV k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, GV c\u1ea7n pha\u0309i co\u0301 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u00e2\u0309n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t a\u0302m, ch\u00ednh ta\u0309 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1eb9\u0302t; co\u0301 s\u1ee9c khoe\u0309 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tra\u0309i nghi\u1eb9\u0302m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1eb9\u0302p; co\u0301 ti\u0300nh ye\u0302u va\u0306n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c ca\u0309m th\u1ee5 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 truy\u1ec1n ca\u0309m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1eb9\u0302 SV c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh.<\/p>\n – \u0110\u00f4\u0301i v\u1edbi SV:<\/p>\n Tre\u0309 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i m\u1ea7m non co\u0301 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ea\u0309n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh me\u0303, phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 sa\u0302u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1\u0306t th\u00ea\u0309 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n, quan h\u1eb9\u0302 c\u1ee7a tre\u0309 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda. Tre\u0309 kh\u00e1t khao s\u1ef1 tri\u0300u m\u1ebfn, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ye\u0302u v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft quan ta\u0302m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tha\u0302n xung quanh. Nh\u1eefng ti\u0300nh ca\u0309m n\u00e0y co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tre\u0309 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm v\u00e0o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t trong c\u00e1c TPVH. Ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m se\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u01b0\u0300 vi\u1eb9\u0302c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cnha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t\u201d trung ta\u0302m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c thu h\u00fat tre\u0309 v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 cho tre\u0309 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m. Tre\u0309 m\u1ea7m non co\u0301 \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m ta\u0302m l\u00ed r\u1ea5t rie\u0302ng ne\u0302n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m th\u01a1, truy\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n co\u0301 nh\u1eefng tie\u0302u ch\u00ed rie\u0302ng, nh\u01b0: n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01a1n gia\u0309n, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong s\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u00ea\u0309u, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, a\u0302m thanh g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tre\u0309 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m pha\u0309i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb k\u0129. Vi\u1eb9\u0302c chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng chi\u0309 l\u00e0 th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n \u201cc\u00e1i ta\u0302m, c\u00e1i t\u00e0i\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1eb9\u0302c mang t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Khi chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, SV c\u1ea7n pha\u0309i nghie\u0302n c\u1ee9u k\u0129 t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 ba\u0309n nh\u01b0: t\u00e1c gia\u0309, t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, b\u1ed1i ca\u0309nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ho\u00e0n ca\u0309nh ra \u0111\u1eddi, ca\u0309m h\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, n\u1ed9i dung, ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t, phong c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c bi\u1eb9\u0302t l\u00e0 th\u00ea\u0309 lo\u1ea1i va\u0306n h\u1ecdc… \u0110a\u0302y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00ea\u0309 SV co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u0309nh gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m.<\/p>\n Khi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, SV pha\u0309i nh\u1edb t\u01b0\u0300ng t\u01b0\u0300, t\u01b0\u0300ng chi ti\u1ebft trong va\u0306n ba\u0309n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 pha\u0309i thu\u1ed9c va\u0306n ba\u0309n. N\u1ebfu l\u00fac k\u00ea\u0309, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 pha\u0309i nh\u1edb n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m thi\u0300 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n ca\u0309m se\u0303 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302p mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi g\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe se\u0303 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe se\u0303 kho\u0301 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 ba\u0309n ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a no\u0301i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1eb9\u0302c ca\u0309m nh\u1ea1\u0302n hay rung \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m vi\u1ebft cho tre\u0309 em th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb ne\u0302n se\u0303 kh\u00f4ng kho\u0301 kha\u0306n n\u1ebfu GV l\u01b0u \u00fd SV ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1eb9\u0302m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, vi\u1eb9\u0302c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0\u0300ng chi ti\u1ebft se\u0303 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n va\u0306n ba\u0309n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, qua \u0111o\u0301, SV x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1eb9\u0302n di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tri\u0300nh b\u00e0y co\u0301 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t TPVH.<\/p>\n ba\u0306ng \u0111\u00e0i, video, tranh a\u0309nh \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d se\u0303 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1eb9\u0302n h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t cho SV khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m chi\u0309 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u00ea\u0309u, \u0111\u1ed3ng ca\u0309m v\u00e0 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u0300 va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea1\u0302p. \u0110\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ed1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m pha\u0309i t\u1ea1\u0302p luy\u1eb9\u0302n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ea\u0309 co\u0301 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 na\u0306ng, k\u0129 xa\u0309o, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u01a1 ba\u0309n c\u1ee7a vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m g\u1ed3m: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u; nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9; t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t, c\u1eed chi\u0309…<\/p>\n \u201cGi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u la\u0300 ca\u0301ch bi\u00ea\u0309u thi\u0323 ti\u0300nh c\u1ea3m, tha\u0301i \u0111\u1ecd\u0302, tho\u0302ng qua ngo\u0302n ng\u01b0\u0303, la\u0300 l\u00f4\u0301i no\u0301i bi\u00ea\u0309u thi\u0323 m\u1ecd\u0302t tha\u0301i \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 nh\u00e2\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh\u201d (Ho\u00e0ng Phe\u0302 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2008, tr 503). \u0110\u00ea\u0309 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n c\u1ee7a TPVH, SV c\u1ea7n ca\u0306n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0: th\u00ea\u0309 lo\u1ea1i, n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t.<\/p>\n M\u00f4\u0303i th\u00ea\u0309 lo\u1ea1i va\u0306n h\u1ecdc se\u0303 co\u0301 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi truy\u1eb9\u0302n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u1ea7n co\u0301 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u tri\u1ebft l\u00ed nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, ho\u0301m hi\u0309nh<\/p>\n (Ch\u00fa Th\u1ecf tinh kh\u00f4n<\/strong>); truy\u1eb9\u0302n c\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u0300 d\u00ed d\u1ecfm, h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n (M\u00e8o l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n m\u00e8o<\/strong>); truy\u1eb9\u0302n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch co\u0301 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u ta\u0302m ti\u0300nh, th\u1ee7 thi\u0309<\/p>\n (Qua\u0309 b\u1ea7u tie\u0302n<\/strong>)\u2026 Th\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110a\u0306ng Khoa c\u1ea7n gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u trang tr\u1ecdng, thi\u1ebft tha, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o<\/p>\n (H\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o l\u00e0ng ta<\/strong>); Th\u01a1 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed5 pha\u0309i vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, tri\u0300u m\u1ebfn<\/p>\n (\u0110\u00e0n g\u00e0 con<\/strong>). V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1eb9\u0302n nhi\u1ec1u nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u0300nh ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau thi\u0300 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 c\u0169ng mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n (C\u00e1o, Th\u1ecf, G\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng<\/strong>). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1eb9\u0302c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea\u0309, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t cho hi\u1eb9\u0302u qua\u0309. S\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, nh\u1ecbp di\u1eb9\u0302u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n \u201cNg\u01b0\u0303 \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u la\u0300 di\u1ec5n bi\u00ea\u0301n cu\u0309a cao \u0111\u1ecd\u0302, cu\u031b\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u1ecd\u0302, t\u00f4\u0301c \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 a\u0302m thanh cu\u0309a m\u1ecd\u0302t ng\u01b0\u0303 \u0111oa\u0323n l\u01a1\u0300i no\u0301i, bi\u00ea\u0309u thi\u0323 m\u1ecd\u0302t s\u00f4\u0301 \u00fd nghi\u0303a ti\u0300nh tha\u0301i b\u1ed5 sung\u201d (Ho\u00e0ng Phe\u0302 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2008, tr 861<\/em>). X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ta\u0309 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, ta\u0302m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u0300nh ca\u0309m, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t trong t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m.<\/p>\n Ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u1ee7a va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh a\u0302m v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft, nghi\u0309 gi\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh a\u0302m \u201cla\u0300 ca\u0301ch pha\u0301t a\u0302m \u0111u\u031b\u01a1\u0323c coi la\u0300 chu\u00e2\u0309n\u201d (Ho\u00e0ng Phe\u0302 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2008, tr 212<\/em>). V\u1edbi SV s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non, vi\u1eb9\u0302c luy\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh a\u0302m l\u00e0 kha\u0302u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c em c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t a\u0302m \u0111\u00fang, pha\u0302n bi\u1eb9\u0302t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u00e2\u0309n v\u00e0 l\u1eb9\u0302ch chu\u00e2\u0309n \u0111\u00ea\u0309 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1eabu cho tre\u0309. Ng\u1eaft, nghi\u0309 gi\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 thu\u1ea1\u0302t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1eb9\u0302u nh\u1ea1\u0302n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ng\u1eaft gi\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ca\u0302u.<\/p>\n Tuy nhie\u0302n, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, vi\u1eb9\u0302c ng\u01b0\u0300ng gi\u1ecdng, t\u00f9y theo ta\u0302m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t, ho\u1ea1\u0306c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nu\u031b\u1edbc \u0111ang n\u0103\u0300m\/nhi\u0300n ma\u0302y,\/Nghe bo\u0300\/cu\u031b\u01a1\u0300i nhoe\u0309n mi\u1eb9\u0302ng.\/Bo\u0301ng bo\u0300 ch\u01a1\u0323t tan bi\u00ea\u0301n,\/Bo\u0300 tu\u031b\u1edfng ba\u0323n \u0111i \u0111a\u0302u…\/ (Ch\u00fa B\u00f2 ti\u0300m b\u1ea1n – Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed5). C\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft gi\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf se\u0303 l\u1ed9t ta\u0309 \u201cta\u0302m tr\u1ea1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf ne\u0302n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u201cNhi\u0323p \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u la\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 l\u1eb7p la\u0323i m\u1ecd\u0302t ca\u0301ch tu\u1ea7n hoa\u0300n ca\u0301c a\u0302m ma\u0323nh va\u0300 nh\u1eb9 theo nh\u01b0\u0303ng tr\u1ea1\u0302t t\u01b0\u0323, ca\u0301ch th\u01b0\u0301c nh\u00e2\u0301t \u0111i\u0323nh; Cu\u031b\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 cu\u0309a gi\u1ecdng la\u0300 \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 vang, \u0111\u1ecd\u0302 ma\u0323nh\u201d (Ho\u00e0ng Phe\u0302 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2008, tr 892 v\u00e0 301<\/em>). T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 vang c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ta\u0302m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t trong t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ba\u0300i tho\u031b O\u0300…o\u0301…o… (Tr\u1ea7n \u0110a\u0306ng Khoa<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh (nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u nhanh<\/em>), v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng vang, kh\u1ecfe, th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n ni\u1ec1m vui n\u00e1o n\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i na\u0309y n\u1edf, c\u1ee7a bi\u0300nh minh \u0111o\u0301n ch\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m vui m\u1edbi. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 Em y\u00eau nha\u0300 em (\u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb Lam Luy\u1ebfn<\/em>) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1\u0302m ra\u0303i, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n ti\u0300nh ca\u0309m \u0111\u1eb1m th\u1eafm, sa\u0302u n\u1ea1\u0306ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111i\u0300nh. V\u1edbi truy\u1eb9\u0302n Ca\u0301o, Tho\u0309 va\u0300 Ga\u0300 tr\u00f4\u0301ng, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00ea\u0309 v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u0300nh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng khi Th\u1ecf kho\u0301c v\u00e0 tra\u0309 l\u1eddi Cho\u0301, G\u1ea5u, G\u00e0 thi\u0300 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1\u0302m l\u1ea1i th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n ba\u0303, y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i\u2026<\/p>\n T\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1eed chi\u0309, \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m se\u0303 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca\u0309m ti\u0300nh v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. \u0110\u1ea1\u0306c bi\u1eb9\u0302t v\u1edbi tre\u0309 m\u1ea7m non, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 quan ta\u0302m, a\u0302n c\u1ea7n, ye\u0302u qu\u00fd v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. N\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u01b0\u1eddi, tha\u0302n thi\u1eb9\u0302n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 se\u0303 t\u1ea1o cho tre\u0309 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ye\u0302u th\u00edch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc; ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t, c\u1eed chi\u0309, \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 c\u00f2n go\u0301p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u1ee7a va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 giao ca\u0309m gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t, \u1edf \u00e1nh m\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u b\u1ed9, c\u1eed chi\u0309. Ve\u0309 m\u1ea1\u0306t, c\u1eed chi\u0309 c\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhie\u0302n khi ba\u0309n tha\u0302n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111a\u0303 tha\u0302m nh\u1ea1\u0302p, \u0111a\u0303 hi\u00ea\u0309u sa\u0302u s\u1eafc t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng pha\u0309i l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t gia\u0309 t\u1ea1o. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng GV m\u1ea7m non trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, vi\u1eb9\u0302c ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m kh\u00f4ng chi\u0309 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 thu\u1ea1\u0302t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u0129 na\u0306ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, t\u01b0\u0300 n\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eed chi\u0309, \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n pha\u0309i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, ta\u0302m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nha\u0302n v\u1ea1\u0302t trong TPVH.<\/p>\n To\u0301m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tri\u0300nh r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n la\u0302u d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u0300ng t\u00edch l\u0169y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng. Trong b\u1ea5t ki\u0300 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 v\u1edbi ti\u0300m hi\u00ea\u0309u va\u0306n ba\u0309n. \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t cao ne\u0302n SV b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c pha\u0309i bi\u1ebft di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t. Di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m g\u1ed3m: gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea\u0309; ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 trong gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea\u0309.<\/p>\n T\u1ea5t ca\u0309 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n qua n\u00e9t m\u1ea1\u0306t, \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u b\u1ed9, c\u1eed chi\u0309 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m va\u0306n ba\u0309n ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, SV c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd, pha\u0309i trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ca\u0309m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh mi\u0300nh, kh\u00f4ng ne\u0302n qu\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1ea1\u0302t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 sai l\u1eb9\u0302ch tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SV \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m, GV c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1eabu. Vi\u1eb9\u0302c GV th\u00ea\u0309 hi\u1eb9\u0302n \u0111\u00fang gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 trong gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i ho\u00e0, h\u1ee3p l\u00ed c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef se\u0303 gi\u00fap SV co\u0301 nh\u1eefng ca\u0309m nh\u1ea1\u0302n ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n tha\u0302m nh\u1ea1\u0302p v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m. GV c\u0169ng co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1eb9\u0302n h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ta\u0306ng hi\u1eb9\u0302u qua\u0309 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, \u0111a\u0302y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1eb9\u0302c l\u00e0m m\u1eabu cho SV khi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m cho tre\u0309 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n GV h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SV tha\u0309o lu\u1ea1\u0302n xoay quanh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 ba\u0309n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c tr\u01b0ng th\u00ea\u0309 lo\u1ea1i, t\u00e1c gia\u0309, t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, n\u1ed9i dung, ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u01a1 ba\u0309n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gia\u0309; ti\u0300m, ph\u00e1t hi\u1eb9\u0302n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u0300 kho\u0301, \u0111o\u1ea1n kho\u0301 d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc l\u00f4\u0303i khi \u0111\u1ecdc; \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 th\u1eed \u0111\u00ea\u0309 GV gia\u0309i th\u00edch, u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00fang. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y se\u0303 h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho SV trong vi\u1eb9\u0302c ti\u0300m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i \u0111\u00fang, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00f4\u0303i ho\u1ea1\u0306c bi\u1ebft luy\u1eb9\u0302n, ch\u1eefa l\u00f4\u0303i khi \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m TPVH.<\/p>\n Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy tri\u0300nh, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u0129 na\u0306ng, k\u0129 xa\u0309o, th\u1ee7 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, GV h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SV luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p theo nho\u0301m; sau \u0111o\u0301, SV co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p c\u00e1 nha\u0302n ho\u1ea1\u0306c theo c\u1ea1\u0306p. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0: \u201c\u0111o\u0301ng vai, sa\u0302n kh\u1ea5u ho\u00e1<\/em>\u201d, t\u1ea1o hi\u0300nh, ve\u0303 tranh\u2026 GV h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SV luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc: \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, hi\u00ea\u0309u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung, ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m, luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m theo hi\u0300nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111a\u0303 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, GV pha\u0309i quan s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u0300ng SV, t\u01b0\u0300ng nho\u0301m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ph\u00e1t hi\u1eb9\u0302n, chi\u0309 ra c\u00e1c l\u00f4\u0303i ph\u00e1t a\u0302m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 r\u00e8n v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa l\u00f4\u0303i cho SV.<\/p>\n GV ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u0300nh th\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, tie\u0302u ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi SV \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. GV c\u1ea7n ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nho\u0301m, c\u00e1c c\u1ea1\u0306p, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nha\u0302n c\u00f9ng l\u1eafng nghe; ca\u0306n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o thang \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 chi\u0309 ra nh\u1eefng l\u00f4\u0303i sai c\u01a1 ba\u0309n v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. GV se\u0303 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi nh\u1ea1\u0302n k\u1ebft qua\u0309 r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n c\u1ee7a SV v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1ea1\u0302n sau c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n Vi\u1eb9\u0302c GV \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tie\u0302u chu\u00e2\u0309n c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309 se\u0303 kh\u00edch l\u1eb9\u0302 ni\u1ec1m say me\u0302 v\u00e0 kha\u0309 na\u0306ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a SV. T\u00e1c gia\u0309 V\u0169 Nho trong cu\u1ed1n Ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m (2013) \u0111a\u0303 to\u0301m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c tie\u0302u chu\u00e2\u0309n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga nh\u01b0 sau: T\u1ef1 nhie\u0302n, gia\u0309n d\u1ecb, cha\u0302n th\u00e0nh; truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00fang n\u1ed9i dung, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t, \u0111\u1ea1\u0306c tr\u01b0ng th\u00ea\u0309 lo\u1ea1i, phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m (v\u01b0\u0300a s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i<\/em>); ph\u00e1t a\u0302m chu\u00e2\u0309n m\u1ef1c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u0309nh gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a mi\u0300nh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m; bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u0300 \u0111o\u0301, GV co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 xa\u0302y d\u1ef1ng thang \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m theo nh\u1eefng tie\u0302u ch\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00ea\u0309 sau (thang \u0111i\u00ea\u0309m 10<\/em>): \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang (4); \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m (6); \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 kh\u00e1, co\u0301 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o (8); \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m t\u1ed1t (10). V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean<\/a><\/strong> co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 xa\u0302y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 tie\u0302u ch\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ye\u0302u c\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kha\u0309 na\u0306ng di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 na\u0306ng m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c\u2026<\/p>\n Vi\u1eb9\u0302c r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m cho SV s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non l\u00e0 vi\u1eb9\u0302c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, go\u0301p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1eb9\u0302c ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nha\u0302n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n m\u1ea7m non t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1eb9\u0302c th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n nhi\u1eb9\u0302m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tre\u0309 em t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non sau n\u00e0y. \u0110a\u0302y co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tie\u0302u ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vie\u0302n m\u1ea7m non trong xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1eb9\u0302n nhi\u1eb9\u0302m v\u1ee5 r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n k\u0129 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m cho SV, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea7n: n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n; co\u0301 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u0300ng b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c ca\u0309m th\u1ee5 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc; co\u0301 kha\u0309 na\u0306ng truy\u1ec1n ca\u0309m v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat SV trong m\u00f4\u0303i gi\u1edd le\u0302n l\u1edbp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sinh ho\u1ea1t ngo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi SV s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 na\u0306ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 thi\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuye\u0302n r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n, t\u1ef1 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u00f4\u0303i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t a\u0302m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u1ecdc to, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m. Ng\u00e0y nay, co\u0301 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111a\u0303 h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1eb9\u0302c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1eb9\u0302u qua\u0309 kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u0309 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1ea1\u0302n trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed tu\u1eb9\u0302 nha\u0302n t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 truy\u1ec1n ca\u0309m, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft tri\u0300u m\u1ebfn, \u1ea5m \u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ma\u0303i ma\u0303i l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u ki\u0300 di\u1eb9\u0302u\u201d \u0111\u00ea\u0309 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi tre\u0309, gi\u00fap cho vi\u1eb9\u0302c hi\u0300nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u00ea\u0309n nha\u0302n c\u00e1ch tre\u0309 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1eb9\u0302n.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non, sinh vi\u00ean<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Va\u0306n ho\u0323c co\u0301 vai tro\u0300 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gia\u0301o du\u0323c tr\u1ebb m\u1ea7m non. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb th\u01a1. \u0110\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1382,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-goc-giao-vien-mam-non"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1381"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1383,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1381\/revisions\/1383"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dochoihoangha.com\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}1. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n
2. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/h2>\n
2.1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n
2.1.1. Kha\u0301i ni\u1eb9\u0302m \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m<\/h4>\n
2.1.2. Nguy\u00ean t\u0103\u0301c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m<\/h2>\n
\nnguye\u0302n t\u1eafc c\u01a1 ba\u0309n.<\/p>\n2.2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc cho sinh vi\u00ean S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea7m non<\/h2>\n
2.2.1. M\u1ecd\u0302t s\u00f4\u0301 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung<\/h3>\n
– \u0110\u00f4\u0301i v\u1edbi GV:<\/h2>\n
+ Chu\u00e2\u0309n b\u1ecb ng\u1eef li\u1eb9\u0302u:<\/h3>\n
+ Pha\u0302n lo\u1ea1i SV:<\/h3>\n
+ Xa\u0302y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc:<\/h3>\n
+ B\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 na\u0306ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 na\u0306ng l\u1ef1c ca\u0309m th\u1ee5 va\u0306n h\u1ecdc cho SV:<\/h3>\n
+ L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m:<\/h3>\n
+ Ti\u0300m hi\u00ea\u0309u t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m:<\/h3>\n
+ N\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1eb9\u0302 thu\u1ea1\u0302t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u00e2\u0309m:<\/h3>\n
+ C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1eb9\u0302n h\u00f4\u0303 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1eb9\u0302c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n ca\u0309m:<\/h3>\n
2.2.2. M\u1ecd\u0302t s\u00f4\u0301 thu\u0309 thu\u1ea1\u0302t \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m va\u0306n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n lu\u031bu \u00fd trong qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh da\u0323y h\u1ecdc sinh vi\u00ean Su\u031b pha\u0323m m\u1ea7m non<\/h2>\n
– Xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u co\u031b b\u1ea3n:<\/h3>\n
– Xa\u0301c \u0111i\u0323nh ng\u01b0\u0303 \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u:<\/h3>\n
– Nhi\u0323p \u0111i\u1eb9\u0302u va\u0300 cu\u031b\u01a1\u0300ng \u0111\u1ecd\u0302:<\/h3>\n
– S\u1eed du\u0323ng ca\u0301c y\u00ea\u0301u t\u00f4\u0301 \u201cphi ngo\u0302n ng\u01b0\u0303\u201d:<\/h3>\n
2.2.3. Ca\u0301c bu\u031b\u1edbc r\u00e8n luy\u1eb9\u0302n ki\u0303 na\u0306ng \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m va\u0306n h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n
Bu\u031b\u1edbc 1. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1eabu:<\/h3>\n
Bu\u031b\u1edbc 2. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1ea1\u0302n:<\/h3>\n
Bu\u031b\u1edbc 3. Luy\u1eb9\u0302n t\u1ea1\u0302p:<\/h3>\n
Bu\u031b\u1edbc 4. T\u1ed5 ch\u01b0\u0301c \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m:<\/h3>\n
Bu\u031b\u1edbc 5. \u0110a\u0301nh gia\u0301 \u0111\u1ecdc, k\u00ea\u0309 di\u1ec5n c\u1ea3m:<\/h3>\n
3. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n
( Nh\u1ea5n T\u1ea3i <\/span>R\u00c8N LUY\u1ec6N K\u0128 N\u0102NG \u0110\u1eccC, K\u1ec2 DI\u1ec4N C\u1ea2M”<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eadp tin chi ti\u1ebft )<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n<\/i>
\nXem tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>
\nB\u1ea5m V\u00e0o \u0110\u00e2y<\/span>
\n<\/a>
\n
\n<\/i>
\nT\u1ea3i File word<\/span>
\nB\u1ea5m V\u00e0o \u0110\u00e2y<\/span>
\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n